Arhiv za dom odvzemom
Maj
02
Nedavne raziskave so pokazale, da skoraj polovica vseh najemodajalci imel izkušnje z najemniki ne izpolnjujejo obveznosti na svojih najem plačil. MoneyTowers ekipa so pripravili priročnik za najemodajalci, kako ravnati merili, ki privzeto.
Prva stvar je, se obrnite na najemnika in vprašati, če je plačilo na poti. Komunikacija je ključnega pomena in posvetovali s svojim najemnikom vam lahko dober občutek za, ali je problem enkratna, ali pa je verjetno bolj bistvena težava.
Če je skupna zakup in samo ena najemnik ni plačal najemnine, mora najemodajalec obrnete tudi z drugimi najemniki, da bi razpravljali, kaj se dogaja.
Večina najem pogodbe določajo, da lahko najemodajalec začeti postopka proti kršitelju najemnika 14 dni po zapadlosti plačila. Vendar pa je pametno, da se obrnite na najemnika preko pismu takoj, ko se zavedaš, najem plačilo ni bilo pripravljenost, da jim vedeti o plačilnem roku. Po dveh ali treh tednih, če plačilo še ni prišla, je čas, da obiščete najemnika doma.
Čeprav je bistvenega pomena za najemodajalec, da v stiku z najemnikom, pazite, da ne nadlegujejo najemnika - eno ali dve pisma in telefonske klice je v redu, vendar nič bolj kot to bi se lahko šteje kot nadlegovanje.
V preteklosti so bili lastniki stanovanjskih dovoljeno vstopiti v njihovo lastnino in odstranite nekaj premoženja, najemniki, da bi nadoknadili primanjkljaj v najem pa je to zdaj v nasprotju z zakonom zato ne poskušajte tega.
Ko je drugo izplačilo ni prišel in je najemnik zdaj dva meseca nazaj, mora najemodajalec izda obvezno obvestilo zaostala plačila najemnika jim 14 dni za plačilo gor ali zapustiti premoženje.
V skrajnem primeru lahko najemodajalec najemnika sprejeti na sodišče, pa to res bi moral biti zadnji korak, saj lahko traja do osem tednov za sodišče sojenju in začetno da sodišče bo stala 150 £. Če je sodni izvršitelj zahteva, da se odstranijo najemnike, lahko to stane £ 95 navzgor.
Če najemnik izgine in najemnina je še vedno odprta, bo posest, da še vedno potreben kot pri sklenitvi najemne pogodbe je še vedno v veljavi. V teh okoliščinah mora najemodajalec poskušal stopiti v stik z najemnikov poroka ali ožjih sorodnikov.
Upoštevajte, da je v nasprotju z zakonom za najemodajalca, da zamenjati ključavnice ali odstranite najemnikov premoženje, ne glede na to, kako pozno je plačilo. Če menite, da je najemnik izselil iz svojega premoženja, je pomembno, da pridobi izjave prič iz tega dejstva.
Odvzem
Maj
01
Vaša pravica, da imajo pištolo v državi Washington se prekine, če imate obsodbo za zločin kriminala. Obsodba za prekršek, ki vključujejo nasilje v družini tudi, da vam pravico, da poseduje orožje.
Pravica, da imajo pištolo, in postopek za ponovno pravico, da poseduje orožje, v državi Washington je pogosto napačno razumljen. V državi Washington so posameznikove državljanske pravice obnovljena po tem, ko so vsi pogoji izpolnjeni stavek in pogojnih konča. Za zločin obsodbi so državljanske pravice obnovi, ko se dokument imenuje Potrdilo o odvajanju je vložena na sodišču. Vendar pa to ne uspe ponovno pravico, da imajo pištolo ali kakršno koli strelnega orožja. Pravica za posedovanje strelnega orožja je ločeno in ga je treba posebej ponovno na sodišču.
Podobno je ob kaznivo odstranjene prepričanje ne obnavlja pravica do posedovanja pištole. V bistvu, ko sodišče expunges kazenske obsodbe Odredba izrecno navaja pravico, da poseduje strelno orožje ni obnovljena.
V državi Washington, je 5 korakov, ali merila, ki jih je treba izpolniti za obnovitev pravico, da ima pištolo.
1. Da bi bili upravičeni za obnovitev pravice za posedovanje strelnega orožja, ne morete imeti nobenih kazenskih ovadb v teku proti vam. To pomeni, če ste trenutno zaračunavajo z nobeno kaznivo dejanje na sodišču v državi Washington, ki je zvezno sodišče ali sodišča v kateri koli drugi državi, ste upravičeni, da imajo svoje pravice, da imajo obnovljena pištolo.
2. Potrebno količino časa, ima pravico passed.Your za posedovanje strelnega orožja je mogoče obnoviti v državi Washington, če so vsaj pet zaporednih let je minilo, ne da bi bili obsojeni za nobeno kaznivo dejanje. Petletno obdobje se nanaša, če je prepričanje, da prekine svojo pravico za posedovanje strelnega orožja je bil razred B ali razred C zločin. Če ste bili obsojeni za prekršek, ki začasno vašo pravico, da imajo pištolo, nato pa je tri leta opraviti, preden lahko imate vaša pravica obnovljena.
3. Ti niso bili obsojeni za kaznivo dejanje, ki trajno vam prepoveduje, posedovanja strelnega orožja.
Obsodbe za določena kazniva dejanja odnese vaša pravica, da imajo pištolo za stalno. V državi Washington, če ste bili obsojeni razreda zločin (najhujše), ne morete imeti svoje strelno orožje posedujejo pravico obnoviti. Poleg tega, če ste bili obsojeni za kaznivo dejanje v drugi državi ali v zveznem sodišču, ki bi tvorila razred je hudodelstvo v državi Washington, ali ki ima največjo kazen dvajset let ali več, Washington State zakonodaja ne dovoljuje vaše pištolo s pravicami do obnoviti. Zadnja kategorija je spolni zločini. Če imate obsodbe za kaznivo dejanje classified kot seks crime under Washington law, then 1 State Washington court ne bo obnovil svojo pravico, da imajo puško ali other strelnega orožja.
4. Ni sodišča, da je trenutno v veljavi, ki vam prepoveduje, posedovanja strelnega orožja.
Obsodbe za kaznivo dejanje ni edino sredstvo, s katerim se lahko vaša pravica, da imajo pištolo v državi Washington odnesli. Nekatera kazniva naročila sodišče in nekatere civilne sodne odredbe, kot so domače, da nasilje zaščite, ki bo prepovedala ima pištolo.
5. Ti niso bili nikoli neprostovoljno zavzema za duševno zdravje objekt za obdelavo.
Če ste bili kdaj zavzema za duševno zdravje objekta brez vašega soglasja, potem niste upravičeni, da so vaše pravice za posedovanje strelnega orožja obnovljena v državi Washington.
Kot lahko vidite, lahko imate pravico, da poseduje orožje obnovljena v državi Washington, če izpolnjujejo merila. V večini primerov ti 5 korakov traja le nekaj tednov za dokončanje.
Real Estate Professionals
April
30
EXPUNGEMENT za kazenske zadeve v Illinoisu
Aretacijo zapis kdorkoli kdaj prijeli še na voljo javnosti, razen če je bilo odstranjene. To velja tudi, če je zavrnilo primer ali gre za razsodbo ni kriv.
Odstranjene ali Sealed: Večina kazenske evidence brez obsodbe lahko odstranjene ali zapre in celo nekaj zapisov z obsodbami so lahko odstranjene ali zaprta. Ko je izbrisana zapis, se izbriše, kot da nikoli ni obstajala. Ko je zapis zaprti, lahko le organi pregona si jo ogledate. Druge, kot je splošni javnosti, ne. Zapis je najbolje odstranjene, vendar je še vedno koristno, da se zapre. Za zapisnik, da se odstranjeni ali zapečatena, mora upravičeni.
Potrebne informacije: Za začetek procesa expunging ali hermetično zapiranje kazensko evidenco, je najbolje, da poiščete vse papirje, ki se nanaša na primer ali primere. Potrebne so naslednje informacije:
° tožene stranke kontaktne informacije
· Številka zadeve
· Kaj se je zgodilo na sodišču - kriv razlog, odpuščanje, itd To se imenuje "razpoloženje" na sodni zapisnik in ga lahko najdete na na sodišče, kjer je obravnaval zadevo.
· Datum aretacijo
· Agencija ali oddelek za izvajanje Policija aretacijo.
Poleg tega bo morda treba pridobiti kriminalno preteklost. Kazenski zgodovine lahko dobite na naslednjih mestih:
· Illinois državna policija, urad za identifikacijo,
260 North Chicago Street, Joliet IL 60432, · FBI, US Department of Justice, 1000 Custer Hollow Road, Clarksburg WV 26306. · Krog uradnik sodišča, kjer je ravna vaš primer. So uradniki samo zapise svojih okrožij, ne za celotno državo ali državo Illinois. Informacije za Illinois referentov Circuit lahko najdete na: http://www.state.il.us/court/CircuitCourt/CircuitCourtJudges/CCC_District.asp
Evidence, ki jih lahko odstranjene: ugotoviti, ali izpolnjuje pogoje, da se zapis odstranjene ali zaprta, je najbolje, da se posvetuje z izkušenim odvetnikom expungement. Nekatera situacije so navedeni spodaj:
· Če je bil oproščen obtoženec, ki je izšla brez obsodbe, ugotovi, da ni kriv ali ni bilo nobenega verjeten vzrok ugotovitev, ali Nölle prosequi (razreši državnega tožilca).
° Večina primerov upravičeni, če ni bilo * nadzor odredi dve leti je minilo od uspešnem zaključku nadzora. Spodaj navedenih primerih zahteva pet let.
· Primeri, v katerih je bil zaradi nadzora ali zaključku pogojna kazen začela in najmanj pet let je minilo od prenehanja. To velja za naslednje:
Nezavarovani o motornih vozil
Viseči o registraciji za ne-zavarovanja
o Prikaz lažne zavarovanja
o nepremišljene vožnje
Trgovina na drobno o kraji
Õ Za nekatere primere, ki vključujejo konopljo / marihuana in drog in alkohola.
· Primeri, v katerih je bila obsodba ali kazen razveljavi, sodišče ugotovi, kasneje vas, dejansko nedolžen
· Primeri, v katerih je guverner izdala odpuščanje
Evidence, ki jih ni mogoče odstranjene:
· Ugotovitev krivde, s sodbo o ugotovitvi, bodisi na podlagi ugovora, ali razsodbe, ki izhaja v stavku. To ne velja za pogojni izpust pod konopljo, nadzorovane snovi, steroidov nadzor, ali alkohola in aktih odvisnosti drog.
· Probation (razen pod akti, navedenimi zgoraj)
· Nadzor ali prepričanje za spolni delikt proti mladoletni osebi, mlajši od 18 let
· Pogojni izpust
· DUI nadzor
Evidence, ki jih lahko zapečatena: Spodaj je nekaj splošnih zahteve za zapis zaprti. Vendar pa se prepričajte, je najbolje, da se posvetuje z odvetnikom.
· Odrasla oseba ali manjša preganja kot odrasle osebe za prekršek ali občinskega odloka kršitev, in je tožena stranka:
o je bila oproščena (ugotovi, da ni Guilty)
o je bila sproščena, ne da bi bili obsojeni
Če bi o prepričanje je obrnil, bodisi na podlagi pritožbe ali sojenje sodnika
o prejetih nadzor za prekršek in ni bil obsojen in ne daje nadzor za prekršek za obdobje treh let po zaključku postopka, ki ga želi pečat.
o imela tudi primer, ki je bil kvalificirani razred 4 zločin (posedovanje marihuane, posedovanje nadzorovane snovi, in prostitucija).
o prekršku prejeli prepričanje in ni obsodbe ali nadzora glede na za zločin ali prekršek, za štiri leta po vašem stavku.
· Sodišče Nadzor lahko sledite kazniv razlog ali ugotovitev o krivdi po sojenju. Nadzor, če jo izreče sodnik in uspešno, pomeni, da ni zapis o obsodbi na brezplačno. Treba je opozoriti, da čeprav nadzor ne pomeni obsodbe, bo nadzor sam ostal na vašem javne evidence, razen če odstranjene ali zaprti. Sodišče Nadzor je kot nadaljevanje do tožene stranke pravilnega ravnanja z odpuščanjem pristojbin ob sprejemljivem skladnosti. Če so pogoji izpolnjeni, ni obsodba. Nadzor je lahko tudi do dve leti in eliigibility za expunging ali hermetično zapiranje se ne začne šele dve ali pet let po tem, ko je nadzor nad.
Če imate dodatna vprašanja o Expungement zakona Illinois, obiščite:
http://shestokas.com/Ask_an_Attorney.html
Samo zadeve zaračunavajo kot kazniva dejanja ali poslovnih dejanj so zajeti podatki na tej strani. Prometne vozovnice, razveze zakonskih zvez, ali naročila za zaščito niso zajete v zgoraj navedenih pravil.
© 2008 Shestokas, Raines & Malavia
Rent Nazaj Hitre
April
28
Ko spustite iz svoje prostore, boste morali spopasti s številnimi različnimi ljudmi. Morda boste naleteli na poštenih najemniki, ki plačujejo najemnino njihovo pravočasno in ali naletimo na problem najemnikov, ki se ne sme plačevala najemnino v roku ali ne, se lahko pri tem ustrezno poskrbeti za nastanitev, ki jim je. V primeru slednjega, se lahko odločite za izselijo problem najemnikov.
Včasih se najemniki ne želijo zapustiti nepremičnine, tudi če je njihov mandat je konec. Lahko ustvarite različne težave in se ne morejo dogovoriti, da zapustijo vaše nepremičnine. V takem primeru lahko prosite za strokovno pomoč in priti v stik s podjetji, ki lahko pomagajo, da izselijo problem najemnikov enostavno.
Lahko se obrnete podjetij, ki vam storitve najemna prisilni izselitvi in tako poskrbel za spore najemnega in stanovanjskega. Na primer se lahko obrnete na izselijo najemnika, ki se ukvarja s storitvami najemna deložacije ali prisilni izselitvi, storitev Šljapkati in vam pomaga, da izselijo problematična najemniki ali najemniki, moteča. Proces, ki ga jim zagotavlja, da je vaša nepremičnina izselili čim prej.
Da bi se izselijo Squatters ali, problem najemnikov, se obvestilo vroči najemnike za kršitev sporazuma. Veliko časa je obvestilo samo vam pomaga, da izselijo problem najemniki ali dobili pristojbin. Toda v primeru, najemnik še vedno nadloga in ne izprazni ali plačati najemnino potem naslednji korak je, da izda sodni postopek zoper svoje najemnika. Obstajajo podjetja, ki opravljajo storitve prisilni izselitvi, najemnik in vam pomaga, da poskrbi sodni dan in bi zagotavljal tudi pomoč za urejanje pravnih dokumentov. Zatem so jih sprejeli za sodnika, da bi dobili posest red.
V primeru, da še vedno težave in ne bi izselijo težavah najemnikov nato so urejeni sodni izvršitelji. Sodišče sodni izvršitelji pomagajo izselijo problem najemnikov, ki se upirajo sodnih nalogov in vam pomaga, da dobite nazaj premoženje.
Najem storitve podjetja za lahko pomaga, da se ukvarjajo z zapletenimi procesi, ki sodelujejo. Za najboljše storitve, se lahko odločijo za uporabo, ki jih www.evictatenant.co.uk. Lahko vam pomaga, da se ukvarjajo z nadležnih najemnike, lahko pa tudi pomoč v primeru najemodajalec in najemniki spora. Prav zagotavljanje teh storitev po dostopnih cenah in vam pomaga, da dobite nazaj premoženje.
Real Estate Professionals
April
24
Sec 498A of the Indian Penal Code a weapon in the hands of vamps
Predstavitev
Objective: The Indian Penal Code, 1860 was amended in the year 1983 to include the provisions of Section 498 A which deals with the punishment of the husband and his relatives if a married women is subjected to cruelty which is likely to drive a woman to commit suicide or cause grave physical or mental injury to her, and harassment with a view to coercing her or any of her relatives to meet any unlawful demands of property. The offence is cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable. Hence once a complaint is lodged on the above mentioned grounds the accused has a lot to bear before he can be given a clean chit. With the rise in modernisation, education, financial security and the new found independence the radical feminist has made 498A a weapon in her hands. Many a hapless husbands and in laws have become victims of their vengeful daughter-in-laws. Most cases where Sec 498A is invoked turn out to be false (as repeatedly accepted by High Courts and Supreme Court in India) as they are mere blackmail attempts by the wife (or her close relatives) when faced with a strained marriage. In most cases 498a complaint is followed by the demand of huge amount of money (extortion) to settle the case out of the court. My aim is to study the cause and effect relationship that this section brought about in the matrimonial sphere of the Indian society.
Scope : The scope of my article is to cover Section 498a of the IPC relating to criminal law in which the wife and her family can charge any or all of the husband's family of physical or mental cruelty. This law is unique to India as it not only discriminates based on gender (man Vs. woman), but also discriminates against women based on their relationship with the husband. Typically, the charged family members in these cases include:
• Mostly women of all ages (unmarried, married and pregnant sisters of the husband, his mother and sisters-in-law, elderly grandmothers and aunts)
• Other maternal and paternal relatives and even young children in the family.
The Report will deal with the ingredients of the section and what must be essentially proved to convict an accused under this section. I will also deal with the provisions relating to the cognisable and non-bailable provisions of this section. The non-bailability provision is grossly misused by unscrupulous wives who file false complaints against unsuspecting husbands and her in laws. The police in such cases register and FIR and forward the chargesheet without proper investigation in most of the cases. A lot of men have had their lives ruined because of this drastic section.
Methodology :
I have used the doctrinal method of legal research for this report. Thus it required an extensive study of the provision along with the relevant act of the Evidence Act and the Criminal Procedure Code. Reference to case laws have been made by going through case laws in relation to this provision.
Main Text :
The Supreme Court of India says, “But by misuse of the provision (IPC 498a - Dowry and Cruelty Law) a new legal terrorism can be unleashed. The provision is intended
to be used a shield and not an assassin's weapon”. Laws originally meant to protect from the dowry menace are being misused by urban ill-intentioned, unscrupulous women and their families as “an assassin's weapon” . There is a rapidly escalating social evil in Indian families, namely the misuse of the Dowry and Cruelty laws (Criminal Laws), which were originally meant to act “as a shield” for the protection of harassed women. Nowadays, the educated urban Indian women have turned the
tables. They have discovered several loopholes in the existing Indian judicial system and are using the dowry laws to harass all or most of the husband's family that includes mothers, sisters, sisters-in-law, elderly grandparents, disabled individuals and even very young children.
We are not talking about the dowry deaths or physical injury cases but about dowry harassment cases that require no evidence and can be filed just based on a single-sentence complaint by the wife. With an approximately 60,000 such accusations per year, about 200,000 people are directly affected by these false accusations. The number of such cases has increased by about 100% in the last 10 years and by more than 15% in just the last two years. This poorly formulated law is inviting unscrupulous people to file false cases, and causing the imprisonment of innocent people without investigation. These innocent people undergo stigmatization and hardship even before a trial in the court of law which leads to immense emotional, physical and financial trauma. Unable to bear the harassment, the loss of reputation and the social consequences of being implicated in a false criminal case, some of these falsely accused husbands and their elderly parents are committing suicide. Despite the recommendations of the Supreme Court of India and Justice Malimath Committee that the legislative arm should modify the laws such that the innocent are protected, the suggested amendments to the law have been largely ignored. Unconstrained, this social evil is threatening the foundation of the Indian Family system. For every complaint filed by a woman, there are generally twice as many or more women are accused although the married couple may have never lived with any of the people mentioned in the criminal complaint.
Let us look into the general text of the section it reads 498A. Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.–Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.
Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, “cruelty” means-
(a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or (b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.
IPC-498a is
• Cognizable – The accused can be arrested and jailed without warrant or investigation
• Non-Compoundable – The complaint cannot be withdrawn by the petitioner
• Non-Bailable – The accused must appear in the court to request bail
The accused are presumed guilty, and for all practical purposes, the burden is on the accused to prove innocence in the courts. The FIR is typically an imaginary story, running into many pages, with absolutely no supporting evidence. It typically takes about 7 to 8 years for the accused to prove their innocence in the courts. Due to the overwhelmingly large number of false cases, the conviction rate in these cases is close to zero. The delay in the provision of justice amounts to the denial of justice. There is no penalty for the misuse of IPC 498a, and after acquittal of the accused, the courts are reluctant to entertain defamation and perjury cases against the falsely testifying witnesses.
We must look into why people misuse the provisions of Sec 498A of the IPC.
• Legal Extortion – Get-rich-quick-scheme to extort large amounts of money
• Prior Relationship – Wife has a prior relationship, and cannot get out of it. She marries to satisfy her parents, and then misuses the 498a law in order to obtain a divorce.
• Adultery – Women who indulge in adultery use 498a as a bargaining tool
• Domination – Wife wants the husband to abandon his parents and siblings, and have total control over his finances and social behaviour
• Custody - Deny the father and his family access to their child(ren).
• Fraudulent Marriages - in which the bride (and her family) hides her education level or mental health; and when is justifiably asked to release the person who has gone into marriage without knowing the full facts; she files a false 498a case.
The kind of women who are likely to file false 498A cases have certain typical traits :
• Who is suffering from pre-existing mental problems such as Borderline Personality Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, etc.,
• Whose family is nouveau riche and likes ostentatious display of wealth, possessions as well as social and political connections
• Who is used to living beyond her means
• Whose father is hen-pecked and whose mother dominates all family situations
• Who listens to and acts in accordance with her parents' wishes at all times, exhibiting a lack of individuality and discretion in dealing with her married life
• Who pushes for quick involvement during the establishment of a marriage alliance, pressing the man and his family for an instantaneous commitment
• Who is excessively possessive and suspicious
• Who is self-centred and feels the need to dominate the relationship and every aspect of decision making
• Who tries to alienate her husband from his family and friends
• Who is hypersensitive and therefore easily insulted
• Who indulges in verbal abuse and constant criticism of her husband and in-laws
• Who uses blackmail (emotional or otherwise) and threats to get her unreasonable demands fulfilled by her husband and in-laws
• Who walks out on her husband following an argument and stays away from her husband indefinitely without any effort towards reconciliation
Today every husband is labelled a torturer and the mother-in-law a demon. A fair amount of blame for this rests on the media which, with a view to sensationalize the 'story' blows the news of 'harassment' or 'torture' of married women out of proportions, without properly investigating the veracity of the story. The news of alleged 'torture, harassment, and misappropriation of stridhan' of wife by 'A' was published prominently by a leading city newspaper, accusing several members of his family torturing her. The concerned reporter never bothered to verify the allegations with the husband of 'A'. As the news carried his full name and those of his relatives, designation and the organization where he was working, it caused irreparable damage to the entire family's image and hard-earned reputation in almost every circle they moved. Queries started pouring in following this news. Depressed as he was, 'A' immediately registered his protest with the editor. The newspaper did publish his rejoinder, but after a long time gap and without any apology for publishing an unverified report. One wonders where this growing tendency of misusing the useful laws by unscrupulous parties is leading the society. Harassing and victimizing women for dowry is condemnable. We all have sisters, and daughters, and undoubtedly they require legal protection from all forms of harassment and cruelty but what if the legal loopholes of this very law are misused by women to harass their husbands and in-laws?
The Apex Court has also commented on the possible misuse of this provision in a number of cases. Right to life and liberty of every citizen is guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. But this life and liberty can be curtailed if they hinder others' life and liberty. For that due process of law is necessary. While civil law determines what is right and what is wrong, the criminal law imposes penalty to deter.
Section 498A was inserted in the Indian Penal Code in 1984 with a view to protect women against dowry harassment. From the very beginning of this law there has been reaction from the society including legal luminaries that this law could be misused and its effects on the society would be deleterious. In their judicial observations and remarks, the courts have expressed deep anguish over this law. Here are some recent judicial observations.
Way back in 1990 Punjab and Haryana High court observed in Jasbir Kaur vs. State of Haryana, (1990)2 Rec Cri R 243 case as:
“It is known that an estranged wife will go to any extent to rope in as many relatives of the husband as possible in a desperate effort to salvage whatever remains of an estranged marriage.”
In Kanaraj vs. State of Punjab, 2000 CriLJ 2993 the apex court observed as:
“for the fault of the husband the in-laws or other relatives cannot in all cases be held to be involved. The acts attributed to such persons have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt and they cannot be held responsible by mere conjectures and implications. The tendency to rope in relatives of the husband as accused has to be curbed”
Karnataka High Court, in the case of State Vs. Srikanth, 2002 CriLJ 3605 observed as:
“Roping in of the whole of the family including brothers and sisters-in-law has to be depreciated unless there is a specific material against these persons, it is down right on the part of the police to include the whole of the family as accused”
Supreme Court, In Mohd. Hoshan vs. State of AP 2002 CriLJ 4124 case, observed as:
“Whether one spouse has been guilt of cruelty to the other is essentially a question of fact. The impact of complaints, accusation or taunts on a person amounting to cruelty depends on various factors like the sensitivity of the victim concerned, the social background, the environment, education etc. Further, mental cruelty varies from person to person depending on the intensity of the sensitivity, degree of courage and endurance to withstand such cruelty. Each case has to be decided on its own facts whether mental cruelty is made out”
Delhi high Court, in Savitri Devi vs. Ramesh Chand, 2003 CriLJ 2759 case observed as:
“These provisions were though made with good intentions but the implementation has left a very bad taste and the move has been counter productive. There is a growing tendency amongst the women which is further perpetuated by their parents and relatives to rope in each and every relative including minors and even school going kids nearer or distant relatives and in some cases against every person of the family of the husband whether living away or in other town or abroad and married, unmarried sisters, sisters-in-law, unmarried brothers, married uncles and in some cases grand parents or as many as 10 o 15 or even more relatives of the husband.”
Punjab and Haryana High Court, in Bhupinder Kaur and others vs. State of Punjab and others, 2003 CriLJ 3394 case observed as:
“From the reading of the FIR, it is evident that there is no specific allegation of any act against petitioners Nos.2 and 3, which constitute offence under s.498-A IPC I am satisfied that these two persons have been falsely implicated in the present case, who were minors at the time of marriage and even at the time of lodging the present FIR. Neither of these two persons was alleged to have been entrusted with any dowry article nor they alleged to have ever demanded any dowry article. No specific allegation of demand of dowry, harassment and beating given to the complainant by the two accused has been made. The allegations made are vague and general. Moreover, it cannot be ignored that every member of the family of the husband has been implicated in the case. The initiation of criminal proceedings against them in the present case is clearly an abuse of the process of law”
Jharkhand High Court in Arjun Ram Vs. State of Jharkhand and another, 2004 CriLJ 2989 case observed as:
“In the instant case, it appears that that the criminal case has been filed, which is manifestly intended with mala fide and ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge.
In this connection reliance may be placed upon AIR 1992 SC 604: (1992CriLJ 527)”
Supreme Court, in a relatively recent case, Sushil Kumar Sharma vs. Union of India and others, JT 2005(6) 266 observed as:
“The object of the provision is prevention of the dowry menace. But as has been rightly contented by the petitioner that many instances have come to light where the complaints are not bonafide and have been filed with oblique motive. In such cases acquittal of the accused does not in all cases wipe out the ignominy suffered during and prior to trial. Sometimes adverse media coverage adds to the misery. The question, therefore, is what remedial measures can be taken to prevent abuse of the well-intentioned provision. Merely because the provision is constitutional and intra vires, does not give a licence to unscrupulous persons to wreck personal vendetta or unleash harassment. It may, therefore, become necessary for the legislature to find out ways how the makers of frivolous complaints or allegations can be appropriately dealt with. Till then the Courts have to take care of the situation within the existing frame work.
But by misuse of the provision a new legal terrorism can be unleashed. The provision is intended to be used a shield and not an assassin's weapon. If cry of “wolf” is made too often as a prank assistance and protection may not be available when the actual “wolf” appears. There is no question of investigating agency and Courts casually dealing with the allegations. They cannot follow any straitjacket formula in the matters relating to dowry tortures, deaths and cruelty. It cannot be lost sight of that ultimate objective of every legal system is to arrive at truth, punish the guilty and protect the innocent. There is no scope for any pre-conceived notion or view. It is strenuously argued by the petitioner that the investigating agencies and the courts start with the presumptions that the accused persons are guilty and that the complainant is speaking the truth. This is too wide available and generalized statement. Certain statutory presumptions are drawn which again are rebuttable. It is to be noted that the role of the investigating agencies and the courts is that of watch dog and not of a bloodhound. It should be their effort to see that an innocent person is not made to suffer on account of unfounded, baseless and malicious allegations. It is equally undisputable that in many cases no direct evidence is available and the courts have to act on circumstantial evidence. While dealing with such cases, the law laid down relating to circumstantial evidence has to be kept in view.”
Justice Malimath Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2003 observed the following and gave the recommendation to amend the law immediately:
“16.4.4 In less tolerant impulsive woman may lodge an FIR even on a trivial act. The result is that the husband and his family may be immediately arrested and there may be a suspension or loss of job. The offence alleged being non-bailable, innocent persons languish in custody. There may be a claim for maintenance adding fuel to fire, if the husband cannot pay. She may change her mind and get into the mood to forget and forgive. The husband may realize the mistakes committed and come forward to turn a new leaf for a loving and cordial relationship. The woman may like to seek reconciliation. But this may not be possible due to the legal obstacles. Even if she wishes to make amends by withdrawing the complaint, she can not do so as the offence is non compoundable. The doors for returning to family life stand closed. She is thus left at the mercy of her natal family.
16.4.5 This section, therefore, helps neither the wife nor the husband. The offence being non-bailable and non compoundable makes an innocent person undergo stigmatization and hardship. Heartless provisions that make the offence non-bailable and non-compoundable operate against reconciliations. It is therefore necessary to make this offence (a) bailable and (b) compoundable to give a chance to the spouses to come together.
(118) The Code may be suitably amended to make the offence under Section 498 A of the IPCode, bailable and compoundable.”
These are only a few observations of their lordships from scores which conclusively prove that:
1. A woman (not necessarily every woman) can be much more cruel than a man (not necessarily every man).
2. While intending to protect the life of a person, s.498A of IPC jeopardizes around a dozen innocent persons whether they are children or old. Hence, the provision is discriminatory and in violation to the Article 14 of the Constitution of India.
3. Instead of restoring equilibrium, the provision aggravates disequilibria. Hence, it is not only imbalanced but also there is a failure of guarantee of right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.
4. For the reasons stated under conclusions 3 and 4 above the provision is not only imbalanced but also ultravires. Because of these maladies the provision needs to be amended at the earliest to protect the life and liberty of millions of innocent people including children and old. Prior to that the learned and honourable courts may consider imposition of heavy penalty as done in case of vexatious PILs. Such PILs are only vexatious but in the matter of the cases may be false, mala fide, malicious and revengeful.
What could be the possible alterations in the present system and the law?
1. Role of Women NGOs: These organizations should investigate complaint properly without any bias towards the woman keeping in mind that the law is being misused largely to harass more women in husband's family. They should not encourage any woman to file a criminal case against her in-laws for trivial matters. Foreign Women Organizations should also take responsibility of not allowing false complaint to be registered against NRI's just to harass and extort huge amount of money from them. These organizations should also conduct survey/research on the misuse of the act and should educate people about its consequences. If these organizations are found to be assisting in filing false complaints, then they should be made liable for prosecution in the country where they are functioning.
2. Family Counselling Centres: Numerous cases of men being harassed by wife or/and in-laws have come to light from different parts of the country. As of now there is no organization, which can really help these harassed men and his family members, to listen their side of the story and put their point of view in front of the government. Need of the hour is to create family counselling centres across the country to help those aggrieved families.
3. Time bound Investigation and Trial : A speedy trial of 498(a) cases will not only ensure justice for the innocents that have been implicated in false charges, it will also lead to prompt redressal of the grievances of real dowry victims .The reduction in false cases will also reduce the burden on judiciary and expedite the processing of real cases.
4. Definition of Mental Cruelty: Mental cruelty has been vaguely defined in the act, which leaves scope of misuse. This should be clearly elaborated to remove loopholes in the law. There should be provision for men also to file a case for mental cruelty by his wife.
5. Investigation by Civil authorities: The investigation into these offences be carried out by civil authorities and only after his/her finding as to the commission of the offence, cognizance should be taken. The government should create awareness among officers about its misuse.
6. Bailable: The main reason of 498a being misused to harass innocent is its non-bailable nature. This section should be made bailable to prevent innocent old parents, pregnant sisters, and school going children from languishing in custody for weeks without any fault of them.
7. Compoundable: Once FIR has been registered it becomes impossible to withdraw the case even if wife realizes that she has done a blunder and wants to come back to her matrimonial home. To save institution of marriage this should be made compoundable. Moreover, in the scenario where the couple decides to end the marriage by mutual divorce, continuation of criminal proceedings hamper their life.
8. Arrest Warrants: Arrest warrant should be issued only against the main accused and only after cognizance has been taken. Husband family members should not be arrested.
9. Penalty for making false accusation: Whenever any court comes to the conclusion that the allegations made regarding commission of offence under section 498a IPC are unfound, stringent action should be taken against persons making the allegations. This would discourage persons from coming to courts with unclean hands and ulterior motives. Criminal charges should be brought against all authorities that are collaborating with falsely accusing women and their parental families.
10. Court Proceedings: Physical appearance of the accused on hearing should be waved or kept low to avoid hassles in appearing to the court, especially for NRIs. The court should not ask to surrender passport of the husband and his family which could cost job of the husband and his family members.
11. Registration of Marriage and Gifts Exchanged: The registration of marriages should be made compulsory along with the requirement that the couple make a joint declaration regarding the gifts exchanged during marriage.
12. Punish Dowry Givers: If the complainant admits giving dowry in the complaint, the courts should take cognizance of the same and initiate proceedings against them under the relevant sections of the Dowry Prohibition Act
13. Penalize corrupt Investigation Officers: If it is apparent to the court that a fair investigation has not been conducted by the investigation officer, and that the husband
and his family have been charge-sheeted without proper verification of the complaint, the investigation officer should be penalized for gross negligence of duty.
14. NRI Issues : Unless they are proven to be guilty after the due judicial process, NRIs should be a given a fair chance to justice by assuring them of the following -a) Permission to return to country of employment b) No impoundment/revocation of passport and no Interpol Red Corner Notices. c) No unnecessary arrests d) Expeditious investigation and trial
15. Gender Neutral: Everyone should have equal rights and responsibilities, irrespective of gender. In the current social context, there should be similar laws to protect harassed husband and his family members from an unscrupulous wife.
ZAKLJUČEK
IPC section 498a was originally designed to protect married women from being harassed or subjected to cruelty by husbands and/or their relatives. This law was mainly aimed at curbing dowry harassment. Unfortunately, this law has been misused to harass men and their families rather than protect genuine female victims of harassment. The Supreme Court of India itself has labelled the misuse of section 498a as “legal terrorism” and stated that “many instances have come to light where the complaints are not bona fide and have been filed with an oblique motive. In such cases, acquittal of the accused does not wipe out the ignominy suffered during and prior to the trial. Sometimes adverse media coverage adds to the misery.“ In agreement with the above statement, the findings of a study conducted by The Centre for Social Research indicated that 98 percent of the cases filed under IPC section 498a are false. Nevertheless, the law has been always justified based on its intention of protecting women. At this point it would be worthwhile to think about how IPC section 498a has really affected women.
It has been argued by Government officials favouring the law that despite the establishment of legal measures to counter harassment of married women, there is an increase in the number of cases of harassment. The first part of the statement suggests that women who are harassed should be utilizing this law as a means of protection. If harassed women indeed used the law then we should see a decrease in the number of cases of harassment over time. Considering the stringent consequences imposed by the law and the inordinate delays inherent in the legal system, no ordinary citizen, male or female, would be impudent enough to risk being implicated under this law for the sake of satisfying their monetary or even sadistic desires for that matter. The fact is that many women who are actually beaten up and harassed by their husbands and in-laws rarely file 498a or resort to other dowry related laws. A lot of them live in rural areas, unaware of the law or lack the necessary economic and moral support from their natal families. Going by the conviction rate the proportion of women who have genuine cases is 2%. Most women who file 498a are from urban backgrounds and are either capable of fending for themselves or have enough family support to fall back on. The proportion of women who belong to this category is 98%. In the 98% of false cases, in every instance that 1 daughter-in-law files a false complaint at least 2 women (an innocent mother-in-law and sister-in-law) are arrested and undergo stress, humiliation and harassment in the hands of the exploitative police, lawyers, staff and officials in Indian courts before being acquitted several years later. So, in every 100 cases 2 women genuinely benefit, 98 women get away with perjury and extortion, and at least 196 women suffer needlessly.
The number of cases that are filed in police stations or courts are the basis for the official statistics of dowry harassment. So, given that the law allows women unlimited scope to fabricate lies (with no penalty of perjury) and given that women are encouraged to keep filing false cases the statistics of “dowry harassment” are bound to rise while the problem of genuine harassment is left unchecked. So, the government has, in the name of protection of women, done grave injustice to two groups of women. The first group constitutes the genuine victims of dowry harassment whose misery remains unresolved but is constantly alluded to in order to justify the law. The second group consists of innocent mothers and sisters of husbands who are criminalized and harassed by the police and the legal system without any regard to their age, health or marital status. Pregnant women, unmarried sisters, ailing mothers and even aged grandmothers have been sent behind the bars under false allegations but their pain and suffering has not even been acknowledged leave alone addressed by the Government. Through IPC section 498a, the Government is actually protecting those women that indulge in perjury, blackmail, extortion and harassment of their husbands and inlaws.
Rent Nazaj Hitre
April
15
Vsebovani POOBLASTILA višjih sodiščih (razveljavitve FIR)
UVOD:
Neločljivo pristojnosti visokega sodišča so pooblastila, ki niso poleg pristojnosti, dodeljenih na višjih sodiščih. Najpomembnejši vidik te moči je razveljavitve FIR sodišče.
Oddelek 482 CRPC govori o povezanih pristojnosti višjih sodišč. To poglavje navaja oddelek 561-A kodeksa leta 1898 brez sprememb. Ne določa nobenih novih pristojnosti na odprtem sodišč, temveč varčuje tako, povezanih pristojnosti, ki je sodišče ima v lasti pred uveljavitvijo CRPC.
Čeprav je pristojnost obstaja in je veliko v svojem obsegu, da je pravilo o praksi, da bo se lahko uveljavi samo v izjemnih primerih. Odsek je bil dodan z Zakonom o kazenskem postopku (sprememba) iz leta 1923, kot so visoke sodišča niso mogli nuditi popolno pravico, tudi če v določenem primeru nezakonitost je otipljiv in očitna. Oddelek je neke vrste opomnik na višjih sodiščih, da niso le sodišča n zakon, pač pa tudi sodišč in imajo pooblastila, povezana z odpravo krivic. Lastna moč v visoki neodtujljiva lastnost stališče, ki ga ima v zvezi s sodišči, ki so podrejene tem. Ta pooblastila so deloma upravnih in sodnih delno. So nujno sodni ko so uveljaviti v zvezi s sodnim sklepom, in za zagotavljanje konce pravičnosti. To koncev pravice "izraz se ne uporablja za v njem zajemajo vse nejasno ali nejasen koncept pravice, niti pravice v filozofskem smislu, temveč pravice v skladu z zakonom, statutom in zakonom skupne zakonodaje. Neločljivo povezana pooblastila, so v naravi etxtraordinary pristojnosti na voljo le, če ni izrecno pristojna, je na voljo na višjih sodiščih za početi določeno stvar, in kjer je moč izrecno ne negativate obstoj take inherentne moči. Pristojnost na podlagi oddelka 482, je diskrecijska, lahko višje sodišče zavrne diskrecijske pravice, če je stranka ga ne približal s čistimi rokami.
CILJ:
Da bi poudarili uporabo, ki so del pooblastil s strani višjih sodišč po zakonu o kazenskem postopku posebej za razveljavitve FIR ali kazenski pritožb pred vložitve chargesheet.
OBSEG:
Obseg poročila je omejeno le na razveljavitve FIR in poudarjanjem nekaterih sodb vrhovnega sodišča in višjih sodišč v zvezi s tem.
Kot je na področje uporabe tega oddelka je zaskrbljen, da ima zelo široko področje uporabe. Ga inherentne moči samo z višjih sodiščih in ne drugo sodišče lahko izvaja ta pooblastila. Visoke sodišča so zavezana k izvaja taka pooblastila, ko je krivica storiti sodišče spodaj. Nekatere so del pristojnosti višjih sodišč, so:
) razveljavitve FIR
b) razveljavitve pritožbe
c) razveljavitve poljubnem vrstnem redu mimo sodišča spodnji revizijo itd
V tem poročilu smo v glavnem ukvarja z razveljavitve FIR in kazenskih ovadb.
GLAVNA BESEDILO:
. 1 Oddelek 482:
To se glasi:
"Se Prihranek inherentne moči na višjem sodišču, Nobena določba tega kodeksa se šteje, da omejijo ali vplivajo na neločljivo povezane pristojnosti vrhovnega sodišča, da takšne naloge, ki so potrebne za uveljavitev poljubnem vrstnem redu na podlagi tega kodeksa, ali za preprečevanje zlorabe proces koli sodišča ali kako drugače zagotoviti konce pravičnosti. "
Oddelek je bil dodan z Zakonom o kazenskem postopku (sprememba) iz leta v 1923. Odsek 3 predvideva okoliščine, v katerih se lahko lastna jurisdikcijo, in sicer:
1. Za uveljavitev odredbo pod CRPC,
za preprečevanje zlorabe postopka na sodišču,
za zavarovanje koncev pravičnosti.
Pristojnost višjega sodišča je omejena na sodišču podrejenih, ki mu v državi, za katero je višje sodišče ustanovljeno. Vloga v skladu z delom 482, ni mogoče zabavali koli sodišča, ki ni višje sodišče. Po sebi pristojnosti, ki jih ima visoko sodišče na podlagi tega oddelka ni omejena na primere, ki poteka pred njim, ampak zajema vse primere, ki lahko pridejo do svoje razpisu, ali v reviziji pritožbe ali drugače. Neločljivo povezana pooblastila po poglavju 482 se lahko uporablja le v primeru, ko ni drugega sredstva na voljo za oškodovanca.
. 2 DEL PRISTOJNOST prenesejo na višjih sodiščih:
Prirojena pristojnost višjega sodišča hraniti na tem delu je zaupana mu jih nalaga zakon, v smislu 21. člena ustave. Postopek za uveljavljanje s tem povezanih pristojnosti, se lahko uredi s pravili, ki so lahko ali pa ostal v okviru višjih sodiščih. Moč, da bi ta pravila se prenese na višje sodišče, po ustavi. Kjer so bila pravila prej njega, še naprej v veljavi na podlagi člena 372 ustave.
. 3 HIGH Sodišče ne deluje kot SODIŠČA pritožbi ali obnovi:
Medtem ko je izvajanje pristojnosti v skladu z oddelkom 482 sodišče ne deluje kot pritožbeno sodišče ali spremembo. Prav tako ne bi začel s presojo dokazov. So del pristojnosti, je treba zelo zmerno izvaja iz nujnih razlogov, pri katerih je prišlo do zlorab procesa prava ali katera koli Očitna krivica.
4 brez slehernega PRISTOJNOST SODIŠČ podrejenih.:
Under CRPC, so neločljivo povezane pooblastila prenesejo samo v visoki courtsand sodišča podrejeni na visokih sodišča niso neločljivo pooblastil. V bindeshwari Prasad Singh V kali Singh, vrhovno sodišče odločilo, da sodnik nima prave moči za ponovno pritožbo zavrnilo v celoti plačana.
5. DEL POWER TO NI mogoče sklicevati pri zadevah iz posebnih določb:
Prirojena moč visoko sodišče v tem delu ni mogoče uveljavljati v zvezi z zadevami, ki jih neposredno zajete v posebne določbe CRPC. Npr. predlagatelj, ki ima pravno sredstvo v skladu s. 397 ne more biti dovoljeno, da uveljavlja s, 482. Pristojnosti na višjem sodišču po tem poglavju, so res zelo širok. Lahko pa se lahko uveljavi samo v primerih, ko je kot otipljiv pomanjkanja pristojnosti v postopek začela, kot bi lahko povzročila nepotrebno nadlegovanje in nasilje na obtoženi zadeva. Strokovna skupina se ne more sklicevati na izpodrivati običajne postopke in preiskave v obliki arbitražnega sodišča, določenega v CRPC.
6, ali je mogoče osebo, ki ni uporabljen pod 482 ODDELEK OB oprostitve.:
Ko je zadeva pride pred vrhovnega sodišča, ki lahko izvaja svojo pristojnost v s.482, ne glede na obravnavo, kateri od strank ni prišel pred njim. Visoka sodišče lahko dajo olajšavo tudi za drugega obtoženca, ki ni vložil nobene peticijo iz tega oddelka.
Ko je zadeva v postopku pred vrhovnim sodiščem in sodišče je odredilo seje sodnika za izdajo non lahko položi varščina nalog za aretacijo za peticije, višje sodišče ne more izvajati svoja pooblastila iz tega oddelka.
7. KDAJ drugo sredstvo VOLJO
:
Če učinkovito drugo sredstvo na voljo, višje sodišče ne bo svoja pooblastila iz tega oddelka, posebej, če je prosilec niso izkoristile tega pravnega sredstva. Pooblastila tega oddelka se običajno ne uporablja, če obstaja druga sredstva na voljo.
8. Spoštovanje DOKAZOV:
V postopku na podlagi oddelka 482, je višje sodišče ne bo začela koli ugotovitve dejstev, še posebej, ko je bila zadeva sklene sočasno ugotovitev dejstev dveh sodišč v nadaljevanju.
Ko je višje sodišče razveljavilo kazensko ovadbo za obravnavo določenih dokumentov, ki jih pobudnika je bilo v lasti vrhovnega sodišča, da je zaradi višjega sodišča nezakonita, saj le takrat, ko višje sodišče pride do zaključka, da ni prima facie primer je izdelan iz na podlagi pritožbe in priloženih dokumentov, da bi lahko sodišče razveljavi pritožbo.
Pogled na Vrhovnem sodišču:
Vrhovno sodišče je pred kratkim odločilo, da lahko visoke sodišča razveljavi FIR proti osebi, če ni na prvi pogled razkriva dejanje.
A two judge bench said that ordinarily criminal proceedings instituted against an accused must be tried and taken to logical conclusions under the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.PC) and the High Courts should be reluctant to interfere into the proceedings at an interlocutory stage.
“However, if upon the admitted facts and the documents relied upon by the complainant or the prosecution and without weighing or sifting evidence, no case is made out, the criminal proceedings instituted against the accused are required to be dropped or quashed”, the bench said. Where the allegations in the FIR or the complaint or the accompanying documents taken at their face value, do not constitute the offence alleged, the person proceeded against in such a frivolous criminal litigation has to be saved, ruled the bench.
In the landmark case State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal ( 1992 Supp.(1) SCC 335) :
A two-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India considered in detail the provisions of section 482 and the power of the high court to quash criminal proceedings or FIR. The Supreme Court summarized the legal position by laying the following guidelines to be followed by high courts in exercise of their inherent powers to quash a criminal complaint:
1. The criminal complaint can be quashed when allegations made in the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their entirety, prima facie constitute any offence or make out a case against the accused person.
2. The criminal complaint can be quashed when allegations made in the complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable that on the basis of which no prudent person can ever reach a conclusion that there are sufficient grounds for continuing the proceedings against the accused person.
3. The criminal complaint can be quashed when the allegations made in the
complaint and evidence collected in support of the complaint does not disclose the commission of any offence against the accused person.
4. The criminal complaint can be quashed when the complaint is manifestly attended with malafide or where the proceeding is maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused person and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge.
5. The criminal complaint can be quashed when there is an express legal bar under any of the provisions of the CrPC or any other legislation (under which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and continuance of criminal complaint.
Thus, if the high court is convinced that the criminal complaint does not disclose a cognizable offence and the continuation of an investigation is not based on sound foundations and would amount to an abuse of power of the police necessitating interference to secure the ends of justice, the high court will exercise its inherent power to quash the proceedings.
In Pepsi Foods Ltd. v. Special Judicial Magistrate (AIR 1998 SC 128) :
the Supreme Court of India observed that:
“Though the magistrate can discharge the accused at any stage of the trial if he considers the charges to be groundless, this does not mean that the accused cannot approach the High Court under section 482 to have the complaint quashed if the complaint does disclose the commission of a cognizable offence against the accused person. In this case the Supreme Court held that the order of the High Court refusing to quash the complaint on the ground that alternate remedy was available under the CrPC to the accused person was not proper.”
However it has been held by the Supreme Court of India in Om Prakash Singh v. State of UP (2004 CrLJ 3567) :
That 'if a complaint discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, it would not be a sound exercise of discretion to quash the criminal complaint'.
In Indian Oil Corporation v. NEPC India Ltd. and Others (2006) 6 SCC 736 ) :
A petition under section 482 was filed to quash two criminal complaints. The High Court by common judgments allowed the petition and quashed the two complaints. The order was challenged in appeal to Supreme Court of India.
While deciding the appeal, the Supreme Court of India laid down following principles:
1. The high courts should not exercise their inherent powers to stifle or scuttle a legitimate prosecution. The power to quash criminal complaints should be used sparingly and with abundant caution.
2. The criminal complaint is not required to verbatim reproduce the legal
ingredients of the alleged offence. If the necessary factual foundation is laid in the criminal complaint, merely on the ground that a few ingredients have not been stated in detail, the criminal proceedings should not be quashed.
Quashing of the complaint is warranted only where the complaint is bereft of
even the basic facts which are absolutely necessary for making out the alleged offence.
3. It was held that a given set of facts may make out (a) purely a civil wrong, or (b) purely a criminal offence or (c
) a civil wrong as also a criminal offence. A commercial transaction or a contractual dispute, apart from furnishing a cause of action for seeking remedy in civil law, may also involve a criminal offence.
As the nature and scope of civil proceedings are different from a criminal
proceeding, the mere fact that the complaint relates to a commercial
transaction or breach of contract, for which a civil remedy is available or has
been availed, is not by itself a ground to quash the criminal proceedings.
test is whether the allegations in the complaint disclose a criminal offence or
not.
View of the High Courts :
In Pasupati Banerji v. King (AIR 1950 cal 97) :
The court has observed that
“In order to attract the provisions of section 182 of the IPC, it must be established that the person gave information to a public servant which he knew or believed to be false and that he intended thereby to cause the public servant to use his lawful power to the injury or annoyance of any person. It is not sufficient that the person had reasons to believe it was false or that he did not believe it to be true; what is necessary that the person must have positive knowledge or belief that it was false.”
In state of maharashtra v mohd yusuf noormohammad and others [1990 CrLJ 2106 (bom)] :
The high court held that , in the interest of peace, the right of an individual to prosecute his complaint may be curtailed by the high court under section 482.
CONCLUSION :
So as per the following report we have seen that how the high courts uses its inherent powers and how important it is for the high courts to use these powers. Section 482 has a very wide scope and its really important for the courts to use it properly and wisely. Many a times it has been observed that when there is an issue of money for eg. Any money matter then the petitioner instead of filing a civil suit files an FIR against the other person just to harass him. In such cases it becomes very important for the high courts to quash such complaints as it leads to the abuse of the process of the lower courts.
Thus section 482 is very important for acquiring proper justice and to stop the public from filing fictitious complaints just to fulfill there personal grudges.
Real Estate Professionals
April
11
Zagon in vzpostavitev katerega koli novega podjetja je lahko precej zapletena naloga, da bodo, še posebej, če nimajo poslovnih izobrazbo ali izkušnje. Več podjetniki mislijo, da morajo preprosto prišli do ideje genij poslovni preden lahko dejansko ustanovitev podjetja, ali celo, da morajo pridobiti več izkušenj v poslovnem svetu, preden se lahko uresničijo svoje sanje. Some podjetniki celo mislijo, da moraš biti zelo dobro izobraženi o poslovnih predpisov in zadev, še preden ste začeli realno po cesti za začetek vaše podjetje.
Brez dvoma je večina teh stvari so zelo res, vendar pa je misel na desni podjetja ni tako pomembno kot prava oseba za to ogromno nalogo. Obstajajo določene lastnosti in značilnosti, ki jih mora potencialni lastnik podjetja posedujejo, da bi bila uspešna. Naslednje lastnosti so nekaj predlogov za stvari, ki bi v prihodnosti podjetniki si prizadevajo, da imajo, da jih bo dala pripravljen za ustanovitev lastnega podjetja.
Še preden narediš karkoli drugega glede svoje podjetje, podjetnik mora ohraniti konstantno in močno željo, da začne in vodi podjetje. Močan, trajno želja je, kaj vozi osebo, ki je uspešen. To je tisto, kar določa, ali bo podjetje še naprej uspešno ali ne. Če te osebe želijo še naprej raste, tako da bo potencial podjetjih za dobiček še naprej narašča.
Postopek za ustanovitev podjetja je običajno časovno zelo zahtevna in ne bi povzročilo hiter uspeh. Več ljudje hitro zapustiti podjetje, še preden se začne, da se let. Z vztrajnostjo, oseba, ki je uspelo priti skozi težke čase za ustanovitev podjetja in vidi luč na koncu predora.
Kot ste začeli ustanoviti novo podjetje, moraš nenehno imeti pozitiven odnos. Pozitiven odnos bo razsvetlil osebe um in prinaša duha pozitivnega mišljenja za poslovanje. To ustrezen odnos in duševno stanje duha lahko prinese uspeh podjetja '.
Dodatna ključna značilnost, da boste morali pridobiti kot uspešnega podjetnika je zelo močna zaveza, do te mere, da boste naredili skoraj vse, da bo vaše podjetje pri življenju. Na žalost v našem svetu danes, več tisoč na novo začela podjetja v stečaj in na koncu ne uspe samo zato, ker njihovi lastniki niso imeli močno zavezanost k njegovemu uspehu. Da bi za vaše podjetje za uspeh in za ohranjanje višine dobičkonosno rast, nikoli ne sme obupati o tem, kaj lahko vaše podjetje nekega dne postala z veliko trdega dela in predanosti.
Pridobivanje informacij v zvezi ustanovitev novega podjetja, je zagotovo pomemben vidik, vendar so osebnostne lastnosti in značilnosti, da potencialni lastnik podjetja razpolaga, so veliko bolj pomembna in ključna za uspeh podjetja. Če lahko rečem, da imate veliko teh pomembnih lastnosti, potem veste, da ste pripravljeni, da začnete svoje podjetje.
Prodaja Hiša Quick
April
10
Če so vaši dolgovi prišli do faze, ko je sodni izvršitelj pride trka na vašem
Vrata naj izkoristijo blaga, je lahko zelo boleče izkušnje. Vendar pa
if you know your rights and the law beforehand, this can alleviate some
of the stress and make the situation much more manageable.
This guide to the regulations on bailiffs refers to England and Wales
only.
What is a bailiff?
First of all, back to basics – what is a bailiff? A bailiff is someone
who collects a debt on behalf of someone to whom you owe money (a
creditor).
There are different types of bailiffs – county court, certified and
private. County court bailiffs are employed by the local authority,
certified bailiffs are employed by a private debt collection company
but have provided references to the local authority to confirm their
suitability to work as bailiffs.
All types of bailiff must adhere to the same general regulations,
although some have more power than others to collect debts.
When is a bailiff authorised to enter your house?
A bailiff might be employed to collect debts such as magistrates court
fines, county court judgements, unpaid council tax, outstanding child
support or maintenance, or overdue rent.
Legal authority must be granted by the court to permit a bailiff to
enter your house. There are different terms for the authority depending
on the type of debt. For county court judgements, a warrant of
execution is required. Other types are a liability order or a distress
warrant for unpaid fines, council tax or maintenance from the
magistrates court.
Sometimes creditors (or the debt collection agencies working on their
behalf) may send representatives as 'counsellors', 'advisors' or
'collectors' to negotiate the repayment of the debt with
si. These people are not bailiffs and they have no right to enter
your home or seize any goods.
Ask the bailiff for identification and for their warrant to enter your
house – they must provide these if you request to see them.
You will be given at least seven or 14 days' notice of the bailiff's
visit, depending on the type of warrant granted. However, you could
receive a visit at any time of day – there are no regulations as to
when bailiffs must call (except for those collecting rent, who must
call between dawn and dusk).
A bailiff can't enter your house if the only person present is under
18m, and they can't enter at all if there's a child under 12 in the
house, even if there's an adult present.
Do you have to let them in?
Under most circumstances, bailiffs are not allowed gain entry to your
house by force. Either you must invite them into your home, or they can
come in through an unlocked door or open window. They're allowed to
climb over walls, gates and fences to get to your property, but they're
not allowed to knock them down. And they can't force their way past you
if you answer the door.
As a result of these restrictions, bailiffs often employ other methods
to enter your house peacefully. They may ask you to take pity on them
and let them inside if it's raining, or they may request to use your
phone to speak to the creditor or debt collection agency. They may also
bring along police officers if they believe there may be a disturbance,
which can be very intimidating. However, you don't have to agree to any
of these – even if the police are present.
What will the bailiffs do if you let them in?
If a bailiff gains entry to your house by peaceful means, they can then
take goods belonging to the person named on the warrant to cover the
cost of the debt if the person can't pay by other means. To je lahko
difficult to prove who owns the goods, but the onus is on you. Normally
the bailiff will be able to take the goods and it is up to you
afterwards to provide evidence of ownership if they do not belong to
si.
When inside, bailiffs are allowed to break down locked doors or
cupboards, and after you've allowed them into your house once, they
have the right to enter again with or without your permission – and
they can even break a door or window to do so.
You have no right to forcibly remove a bailiff from your property after
they have entered and you could be charged with assault if you do.
What goods can a bailiff take?
There are some restrictions as to what items a bailiff is allowed to
remove from your property. Only non-essential items can be seized to
cover the debt, ie they must not take items that you need for basic
living, such as a cooker, a fridge, a bed, clothing or equipment or
vehicles that you need to carry out your job. However, they're entitled
to take items such as a microwave oven, a hi-fi, a DVD player or a
second television set, as these are considered luxuries rather than
essentials.
To express their intention as to what goods they will take, the bailiff
will either put a note on them, touch them, point at them or tell you.
This is known as levying distress upon goods.
They're most likely to take the items away immediately, although they
could leave someone to guard them until they are able to collect them.
Can you hide goods in advance of a bailiff visit?
Unless your debt is rent arrears, it's not illegal to hide goods or
take them away from your house before the bailiff comes. However, if
the bailiff obtains peaceful entry to your house and suspects you have
hidden goods, they may return unexpectedly to look for the items they
believe you have hidden.
Is there a charge for a bailiff visit?
You will be charged a fee every time a bailiff has to come to your
house. The bailiffs will also charge for removing, storing and selling
your goods, which is likely to be done at auction. And your items won't
be likely to fetch a good price at auction. They normally only sell for
around 10% of their original value. So even if your debt is only
£100, the bailiffs will be entitled to seize goods up to the value of
£1,000 to cover the debt.
Are there any alternatives to losing your goods?
One solution that will allow you to keep the goods in your house is a
walking possession order, in which the bailiff owns the seized goods
but allows you to keep and use them as long as you stick to your part
of an agreed repayment plan.
In order to seize goods for a walking possession order, the bailiff
must gain peaceful entry into your house. One trick that some bailiffs
may have up their sleeve is to make a list of goods that they have seen
through a window and then post the order through the letterbox. Ti
should not sign any order that has been taken out in this way.
Walking possession orders are subject to a fee – you will be charged
daily for as long as it is in place.
Another potential solution is to attempt to negotiate – although this
will probably only be effective at earlier stages of the debt recovery
process, before the bailiff's visit. You're more likely to be able to
come to a manageable agreement with your creditor if you keep
communicating with them so that they understand your situation, rather
than ignoring the repayment demands they send. As soon as you get
notice of a bailiff visit, start negotiations with the creditor or debt
collection agency immediately to try to agree on repayments and
persuade them to cancel the bailiff's warrant.
For advice on how to deal with your debt and bailiff visits, contact
your local Citizen's Advice Bureau.
Real Estate Professionals
April
08
Every basketball team's goal is to improve their skills or their game and play well. It is important that the team has confidence before they set foot on the floor or court. But how can the team acheive confidence? The answer is preparation. Through preparation, the team gains confidence. The team can prepare through practice. Practicing skills and team plays can make the team confident to face any situation that they should encounter in an actual game.
In making a basketball team play you need a diagram to represent the court or floor, some chips or a marker to place the positions of the players, who are given a specific number or color of chips. This is used to explain the flow of the play so the team players know how to act or where to go during specific team plays. Extensive knowledge of the game itself, tactics and rules is also essential. In order to facilitate the discussion, everyone concerned should bear in mind that the strong side means that it is the side of the court where the basketball is and the weaker side is the one without the basketball.
This is where names such as John Stockton, Jason Kidd and Steve Nash come into play. These are some of the most skilled basketball players in terms of playmaking. While the coach is in charge of teaching how plays should be made,the point guard has the primary task to make sure that these are properly executed during the game.
Offensive Plays are used when the team has the possession of the ball. The focus of this play is to score. Plays of this kind increase the chances of the players, such as the point guard, to make the basket and score. Examples of this play are 1-3-1 offensive plays, 1-4 formation offensive plays, zone formation offensive plays, triangle offense formation and man to man offense.
The offensive team that will do these offensive plays is composed of five players with corresponding titles and numbers: The point guard (1), the shooting guard (2), the forward guard (3), the power guard (4) and the center (5). The point guard directs the offensive play on the court. The shooting guard is the best outside shooter and usually takes the shot that allows the basketball to make the basket, he should know the right timing for scoring. The small forward guard moves quickly and effectively and keeps the ball away from the defensive team. They can also drive to take a shot or do jump shots anywhere. The power forward is the best inside shooter, which shoots well from underneath the basket or on its corners. The center is the tallest member of the team and does the rebounds and plays with his back almost facing the basket all the time.
Defensive plays are used by the team when they prevent the ball from making the basket by guarding the basket themselves and the players as well so that scoring won't be successful. The focus of this play is to prevent the other team from scoring by trying to steal the ball or disrupting the flow of play of the team that has ball possession.
Plays of this kind puts pressure on the players who have ball possession making them vulnerable. The defending team players use this situation to their advantage and stop the ball from making it to the basket or making it possible to steal the ball from their hands. Examples of this play are the zone defense and the 2-3 zone defense.
Team players should possess characteristics when they are on the defensive play. Quickness is a quality that can be applied to the hands and feet. Swift movements are necessary to help defensive steal the ball from the offensive team. Strong legs can be helpful in doing repetitive quick jumps. Focus on the game is necessary and they should always be aware since they will read and observe the offensive play so they can use it to their advantage.
This will help the defensive team members to react quickly and appropriately. Defensive team members should be flexible and able to do different kinds of defensive plays depending on the situation.
They should be able to apply defensive skills on both weak and strong sides of the court. Understanding of the strategies and concepts of the game helps them make right decisions based on the situation. Good communication is essential for teamwork because if they work together on the floor, the offensive team will have a difficult time scoring.
Practicing the basic basketball skills as well as the offensive and defensive plays helps a team prepare for a game. When you are prepared to face the battle during a basketball game, worries can be set aside and confidence is gained. These are the secrets to playing a good game and playing it right. Winning and being a champion is possible if these things are kept in mind.
Quick Nepremičnina Prodaja
April
06
Preprečevanje odvzemom - koraki lahko sprejme, da shranite vaš dom
Vaš račun s svojim posojilodajalca je "za nazaj", ko ste izpustili nekaj hipotekarna plačila za katerega koli razloga. Ko ste v zamudi, saj je zgrešil plačila za nekaj mesecev ali več, je vaša posojilodajalec najverjetneje iskati tožbo, da bi sprejela ukrepe za ponovno pridobiti lastništvo ali "" znova prevzela svojo lastnino. Če ne se obrnite na posojilodajalca in poskušata doseči sporazum, so posojilodajalci edina možnost, da bi dobili svoj denar nazaj, je, da prevzamejo nadzor nad svojim premoženjem in ga prodajajo. To morajo storiti prek courts.Visit na: http://available-grant-money.blogspot.com
Važno, da prepozna kot homeowner grozili z odvzemom, je, da obstajajo možnosti, da razmisli. Če posojilodajalec ukrepa prek sodišča to ne pomeni, da boste zagotovo izgubili svoj dom. Refinanciranja vaš dom lahko pomagajo, ali pa bi lahko vedno prodajajo. Getting prijatelji družine, da bi s zaostankov je nadaljnji razmislek.
Stika s svojim posojilodajalca je zelo priporočljivo. Tako, da osebo, ki jo dajejo sami in posojilodajalec možnost, da bi našli rešitev, ki je primerna za vas tako brez potrebe po sodišču. Nekateri posojilodajalci so pripravljeni pomagati in lahko ponudi številne rešitve, npr prehod na obresti le plačil ali povečanja trajanja posojila. Ali se lahko dogovorijo s vaš posojilodajalec odvisna od vaših okoliščin, vendar je sodnik bo bolj synmpathetic če lahko pokažete, da imate vsaj poskušali doseči rešitev.
Če se stvari ne dosežejo sodišče v posesti obravnavi, potem je to priložnost za vas, da pojasnite, kaj se je zgodilo in kako vam predlagamo, da počistite dolga izjemno. Obravnava se bo na okrožnem sodišču. Na obravnavi bo sodnik okrožja in predstavnik za posojilodajalca. Ni žirija in ne prisege in ne črne halje in lasulje. Boste sedeli okroglo mizo v zasebnem prostoru, zato njeno ni tako zastrašujoč, kot si mislite. Vendar pa je pomembno obravnavati sodnika in ne prestraši predstavnik posojilodajalcev.
Na obravnavi bo sodnik se želijo ugotoviti, kaj lahko storite za poplačilo obveznosti za nazaj in izpolniti svoje zaveze za običajno mesečno plačilo. Lahko ponudi, da bi poplačala vse ali znaten znesek v smeri nazaj. Obračun zaostankov pomeni, da posojilodajalec nima razloga, da ima za to nepremičnino. Druga možnost je, da ponudijo za izpolnjevanje drugih mesečnih plačil v celoti, z prispevek k nazaj. V tem primeru lahko sodnik odobri začasno posest red, ki omogoča, da obdržite svoj dom, pod pogojem, ste izpolnitev te zaveze. Ali sodnik je verjetno, da dodeli več časa za možnosti, kot refinanciranje ali prodajo vašega doma bo odvisno od tega, kako daleč so ti napredovala.
Prodaja vaš dom je možnost, čeprav bodo sodniki želite videti, da je transakcija napredovala in ponudba sprejeta, preden se odločimo opustitvi svojega vračanja. Dober posrednik nepremičnin bo realno cena Vaše premoženje, trg je dobro in si oglejte potenciale kupcem finančni položaj, ki vam pomaga doseči hitro prodajo . Refinanciranja je možnost, čeprav se bo zavedati, je to odvisno od hitrosti, s katero lahko posrednik obdelavo vaše prijave in najti ustrezen izdelek. Tam se bo nekaj posojilodajalci so vam na voljo in je lahko visoka cena na dolgi rok.
Začasno posest, da se lahko odobri na sodni obravnavi sodnik. To vam bo omogočilo, da ostanejo v vaš dom če ste držati vseh pogojev, da sodnik ni določeno. Na primer, je to lahko, da bi vse mesečna plačila v prihodnosti skupaj z majhnim prispevkom za nazaj. Sodnik lahko ustavijo tudi na vrstni red, da vam omogočajo, da sledite s pomočjo s katerim koli drugim predlogom, ki ste jih na primer refinanciranja vaš dom ali ga proda. Če vam ne uspe prepričati sodnika, da prekine ali odpove naročilo pa bo posojilodajalec dodeljena posest in ne boste imeli stvar nekaj tednov pred deložacijo.
Organizacije, ki so na voljo za pomoč homeowners sooča vračanja. Ti so registrirane dobrodelne ustanove, ki se financirajo ali vladne organizacije, najbolj znana pa Shelter, NationalDebtline in CAB (Citizens Advice Bureau). Pomembno je priznati, da ste v težavah, soočiti s tem in ukrepati in dobili nekaj pomoči od organizacij, kot je ta. Na ta način si daste najboljše možnosti za varčevanje vaš dom od odvzema. Http://available-grant-money.blogspot.com
Odvzem
